Shares and Mutual Funds-4

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Debentures: Companies raise substantial amount of longterm funds through the issue of debentures. The amount to be raised by way of loan from the public is divided into small units called debentures. Debenture may be defined as written instrument acknowledging a debt issued under the seal of company containing provisions regarding the payment of interest, repayment of principal sum, and charge on the assets of the company etc…

Large Cap / Big Cap:   Companies having a large market capitalization

For example, In US companies with market capitalization between $10 billion and $20 billion, and in the Indian context companies market capitalization of above Rs. 1000 crore are considered large caps.

Mid Cap: Companies having a mid sized market capitalization, for example, In US companies with market capitalization between $2 billion and $10 billion, and in the Indian context companies market capitalization between Rs. 500 crore to Rs. 1000 crore are considered mid caps.

Small Cap: Refers to stocks with a relatively small market capitalization, i.e. lessthan $2 billion in US or lessthan Rs.500 crore in India.

Holding Company: A holding company is one which controls one or more companies either by holding shares in that company or companies are having power to appoint the directors of those company

                                                   The company controlled by holding company is known as the Subsidary Company.

Consolidated Balance Sheet: It is the b/s of the holding company and its subsidiary company taken together.

Partnership act 1932: Partnership means an association between two or more persons who agree to carry the business and to share profits and losses arising from it. 20 members in ordinary trade and 10 in banking business

IPO: First time when a company announces its shares to the public is called as an IPO. (Intial Public Offer)

A Further public offering (FPO): It is when an already listed company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the public or an offer for sale to the public, through an offer document. An offer for sale in such scenario is allowed only if it is made to satisfy listing or continuous listing obligations.

Rights Issue (RI): It is when a listed company which proposes to issue fresh securities to its shareholders as on a record date. The rights are normally offered in a particular ratio to the number of securities held prior to the issue.

Preferential Issue: It is an issue of shares or of convertible securities by listed companies to a select group of persons under sec.81 of the Indian companies act, 1956 which is neither a rights issue nor a public issue.This is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital.

Index: An index shows how specified portfolios of share prices are moving in order to give an indication of market trends. It is a basket of securities and the average price movement of the basket of securities indicates the index movement, whether upward or downwards.

Dematerialisation: It is the process by which physical certificates of an investor are converted to an equivalent number of securities in electronic form and credited to the investor’s account with his depository participant.

Bull and Bear Market: Bull market is where the prices go up and Bear market where the prices come down.

Exchange Rate: It is a rate at which the currencies are bought and sold.

FOREX: The Foreign Exchange Market is the place where currencies are traded. The overall FOREX markets is the largest, most liquid market in the world with an average traded value that exceeds $ 1.9 trillion per day and includes all of the currencies in the world.It is open 24 hours a day, five days a week.